Tutankhamun , the boy king

Tutankhamun, the 11th pharaoh of the 18th dynasty of Ancient Egypt, was unremarkable, is famous due to the discovery of his completely intact tomb by the British archaeologist Howard Carter in 1922.
The discovery of Tutankhamun's mummy revealed that he was about 17 when he died and was likely to have inherited the throne at the age of eight or nine. He is thought to have been the son of Akhenaten, commonly known as the 'heretic king'. Akhenaten replaced the traditional cult of 'Amun' with his solar deity 'Aten', thus asserting his authority as pharaoh in a new way.
According to the most important document of Tutankhamun's reign, the Restoration Stele, his father's supposed reforms left the country in a bad state. Consequently the traditional gods, seeing their temples in ruins and their cults abolished, had abandoned Egypt to chaos. When Tutankhamun came to the throne, his administration restored the old religion and moved the capital from Akhetaten back to its traditional home at Memphis. He changed his name from Tutankhaten - 'living image of Aten [the sun god]' - to Tutankhamun, in honour of Amun. His queen, Ankhesenpaaten, the third daughter of Akhenaten and Nefertiti, also changed the name on her throne to read Ankhesenamun.
Although the reign of Tutankhamun is often thought to have little historical importance, his monuments tell a different story. He began repairing the damage inflicted upon the temples of Amun during Akhenaten's iconoclastic reign. He constructed his tomb in the Valley of the Kings, near that of Amenophis III, and one colossal statue still survives of the mortuary temple he began to build at Medinet Habu. He also continued construction at the temple of Karnak and finished the second of a pair of red granite lions at Soleb.
Uncertainty still surrounds his death. He may have been assassinated, or died as the result of an injury received while hunting.

Julius Caeser

A politically adept and popular leader of the Roman Republic, Julius Caesar significantly transformed what became known as the Roman Empire, by greatly expanding its geographic reach and establishing its imperial system.While it has long been disputed, it's estimated that Julius Caesar was born in Rome on July 12 or 13, 100 BC. While he hailed from Roman aristocrats, his family was far from rich. When Caesar was 16 his father, Gaius Caesar, died. He remained close to his mother, Aurelia.The Rome of Caesar's youth was unstable. An element of disorder ruled the Republic, which had discredited its nobility and seemed unable to handle its considerable size and influence.
At around the time of his father's death, Caesar made a concerted effort to side with the country's nobility. His marriage to Cornelia, the daughter of a noble, had drawn the ire of Rome's dictator, Sulla, who ordered the young Roman to divorce his wife or risk losing his property. Caesar refused and found escape in the military, serving first in the province of Asia and then in Cilicia.
Following the death of Sulla, Caesar returned to Rome to begin his career in politics as a prosecuting advocate. He relocated temporarily to Rhodes to study philosophy, but during his travels there was kidnapped by pirates. In a daring display of his negotiation and counter-insurgency tactics, he convinced his captors to raise his ransom. He then organized a naval force to attack them. The pirates were captured and executed. His stature was enhanced further in 74 BC when he put together a private army and combated Mithradates VI Eupator, king of Pontus, who had declared war on Rome.
When Caesar returned to Rome he began to work with Pompey, a former lieutenant under Sully, who'd switched sides following the dictator's death. Not long after, in 68 or 69 BC, Caesar was elected quaestor (a base political office) and then went to serve in several other key government positions under Pompey.His personal life meanwhile offered up tragedy when his wife, Cornelia, passed away in 69 BC. Two years later he remarried, taking Pompeia, a distant relative of Pompey, as his wife. Their marriage lasted just a few years, and in 62 BC the couple divorced.
Caesar's political ascendency, however, continued. In 61-60 BC he served as governor of the Roman province of Spain. He also continued his close alliance with Pompey, which enabled him to get elected as consul, a powerful government position, in 59 BC.

Napoleon

Considered one of the world's greatest military leaders, Napoleon Bonaparte was born on August 15, 1769, in Ajaccio, Corsica, France. He was the fourth, and second surviving, child of Carlo Buonaparte, a lawyer, and his wife, Letizia Ramolino.By the time around Napoleon's birth, Corsica's occupation by the French had drawn considerable local resistance. Carlo Buonaparte had at first supported the nationalists siding with their leader, Pasquale Paoli. But after Paoli was forced to flee the island, Carlo switched his allegiance to the French. After doing so he was appointed assessor of the judicial district of Ajaccio in 1771, a plush job that eventually enabled him to enroll his two sons, Joseph and Napoleon, in France's College d'Autun.Eventually, Napoleon ended up at the military college of Brienne, where he studied for five years, before moving on to the military academy in Paris. In 1785, while Napoleon was at the academy, his father died of stomach cancer. This propelled Napoleon to take the reins as the head of the family. Graduating early from the military academy, Napoleon, now second lieutenant of artillery, returned to Corsica in 1786.
Back home Napoleon got behind the Corsican resistance to the French occupation, siding with his father's former ally, Pasquale Paoli. But the two soon had a falling-out, and when a civil war in Corsica began in April 1793, Napoleon, now an enemy of Paoli, and his family relocated to France, where they assumed the French version of their name: Bonaparte.
or Napoleon, the return to France meant a return to service with the French military. Upon rejoining his regiment at Nice in June 1793, the young leader quickly showed his support for the Jacobins, a far-left political movement and the most well-known and popular political club from the French Revolution.It had certainly been a tumultuous few years for France and its citizens. The country was declared a republic in 1792, three years after the Revolution had begun, and the following year King Louis XVI was executed.Ultimately, these acts led to the rise of Maximilien de Robespierre and what became, essentially, the dictatorship of the Committee of Public Safety. The years of 1793 and 1794 came to be known as the Reign of Terror, in which many as 40,000 people were killed. Eventually the Jacobins fell from power and Robespierre was executed. In 1795 the Directory took control of the country, a power it would it assume until 1799.All of this turmoil created opportunities for ambitious military leaders like Napoleon. After falling out of favor with Robespierre, he came into the good graces of the Directory in 1795 after he saved the government from counter-revolutionary forces. For his efforts, Napoleon was soon named commander of the Army of the Interior. In addition he was a trusted advisor to the Directory on military matters.In 1796, Napoleon took the helm of the Army of Italy, a post he'd been coveting. The army, just 30,000 strong, disgruntled and underfed, was soon turned around by the young military commander. Under his direction the rebuilt army won numerous crucial victories against the Austrians, greatly expanded the French empire and helped make Napoleon the military's brightest star.His national profile was enhanced by his marriage to Joséphine de Beauharnais, widow of General Alexandre de Beauharnais (guillotined during the Reign of Terror) and the mother of two children. The two were married in a civil ceremony on March 9, 1796.
After squashing an internal threat by the royalists, who wished to return France to a monarchy, Napoleon was on the move again, this time to the Middle East to undermine Great Britain's empire by occupying Egypt and disrupting English trade routes to India.But his military campaign proved disastrous. On August 1, 1798, Admiral Horatio Nelson's fleet decimated his forces in the Battle of the Nile. Napoleon's image was greatly harmed by the loss, and in a show of newfound confidence against the commander, Britain, Austria, Russia and Turkey formed a new coalition against France. In the spring of 1799, French armies were defeated in Italy, forcing France to give up much of the peninsula.Inside France itself, unrest continued to ensue, and in June of 1799 a coup resulted in the Jacobins taking control of the Directory. In October, Napoleon returned to France. Working with one of the new directors, Emmanuel Sieyes, he hatched plans for a second coup that would place the two men, and another, Pierre-Roger Ducos, atop a new government, called the Consulate.

Charles Darwin

Naturalist Charles Robert Darwin was born on February 12, 1809, in the tiny merchant town of Shrewsbury, England. He was the second youngest of six children. Darwin came from a long line of scientists. His father, Dr. R.W. Darwin, was as a medical doctor, and his grandfather, Dr. Erasmus Darwin, was a renowned botanist. Darwin’s mother, Susanna, died when he was only 8 years old. Darwin was a child of wealth and privilege who loved to explore nature.
In October 1825, at age 16, Darwin enrolled at Edinburgh University along with his brother Erasmus. Two years later, Charles Darwin became a student at Christ's College in Cambridge. His father hoped he would follow in his footsteps and become a medical doctor, but the sight of blood made Darwin queasy. His father suggested he study to become a parson instead, but Darwin was far more inclined to study natural history.While Darwin was at Christ's College, botany professor John Stevens Henslow became his mentor. After Darwin graduated Christ's College with a bachelor of arts degree in 1831, Henslow recommended him for a naturalist’s position aboard the HMS Beagle. The ship, commanded by Captain Robert FitzRoy, was to take a five-year survey trip around the world. The voyage would prove the opportunity of a lifetime for the budding young naturalist.
On December 27, 1831, the HMS Beagle launched its voyage around the world with Darwin in tow. Over the course of the trip, Darwin collected a variety of natural specimens, including birds, plants and fossils. Through hands-on research and experimentation, he had the unique opportunity to closely observe principles of botany, geology and zoology. The Pacific Islands and Galapagos Archipelago were of particular interest to Darwin, as was South America.
Upon his return to England in 1836, Darwin began to write up his findings in the Journal of Researches, published as part of Captain FitzRoy's larger narrative and later edited into the Zoology of the Voyage of the Beagle. The trip had a monumental affect on Darwin’s view of natural history. He began to develop a revolutionary theory about the origin of living beings that was contrary to the popular view of other naturalists at the time.

Joan Of Arc

Joan of Arc, a peasant girl living in medieval France, believed that God had chosen her to lead France to victory in its long-running war with England. With no military training, Joan convinced the embattled crown prince Charles of Valois to allow her to lead a French army to the besieged city of Orléans, where it achieved a momentous victory over the English and their French allies, the Burgundians. After seeing the prince crowned King Charles VII, Joan was captured by Anglo-Burgundian forces, tried for witchcraft and heresy and burned at the stake in 1431, at the age of 19. By the time she was officially canonized in 1920, the Maid of Orléans (as she was known) had long been considered one of history’s greatest saints, and an enduring symbol of French unity and nationalism.Born around 1412, Jeanne d’Arc (or in English, Joan of Arc) was the daughter of a tenant farmer, Jacques d’Arc, from the village of Domrémy, in northeastern France. She was not taught to read or write, but her pious mother instilled in her a deep love for the Catholic Church and its teachings. At the time, France had long been torn apart by a bitter conflict with England (later known as the Hundred Years’ War), in which England had gained the upper hand. A peace treaty in 1420 disinherited the French crown prince, Charles of Valois, amid accusations of his illegitimacy, and King Henry V was made ruler of both England and France. His son, Henry VI, succeeded him in 1422. Along with its French allies (led by Philip the Good, duke of Burgundy), England occupied much of northern France, and many in Joan’s village, Domrémy, were forced to abandon their homes under threat of invasion. At the age of 13, Joan began to hear voices, which she determined had been sent by God to give her a mission of overwhelming importance: to save France by expelling its enemies, and to install Charles as its rightful king. As part of this divine mission, Joan took a vow of chastity. At the age of 16, after her father attempted to arrange a marriage for her, she successfully convinced a local court that she should not be forced to accept the match.

trojan war

According to classical sources, the war began after the abduction (or elopement) of Queen Helen of Sparta by the Trojan prince Paris. Helen’s jilted husband Menelaus convinced his brother Agamemnon, king of Mycenae, to lead an expedition to retrieve her. Agamemnon was joined by the Greek heroes Achilles, Odysseus, Nestor and Ajax, and accompanied by a fleet of more than a thousand ships from throughout the Hellenic world. They crossed the Aegean Sea to Asia Minor to lay siege to Troy and demand Helen’s return by Priam, the Trojan king.The siege, punctuated by battles and skirmishes including the storied deaths of the Trojan prince Hector and the nearly-invincible Achilles, lasted more than 10 years until the morning the Greek armies retreated from their camp, leaving a large wooden horse outside the gates of Troy. After much debate (and unheeded warnings by Priam’s daughter Cassandra), the Trojans pulled the mysterious gift into the city. When night fell, the horse opened up and a group of Greek warriors, led by Odysseus, climbed out and sacked the Troy from within.After the Trojan defeat, the Greeks heroes slowly made their way home. Odysseus took 10 years to make the arduous and often-interrupted journey home to Ithaca recounted in the “Odyssey.” Helen, whose two successive Trojan husbands were killed during the war, returned to Sparta to reign with Menelaus. After his death, some sources say she was exiled to the island of Rhodes, where a vengeful war widow had her hanged.

 Everybody has different hobbies that he or she would like to do for fun or relaxation. They can be either physical activities like jogging, football, swimming, cricket, skateboarding… or mental activities like reading, watching movies, playingcomputers… and depend on each personality. For me, soccer is my hobby because it’s part of my life and I cannot live without it. Soccer is the king of sport all over the world. Football is my childhood hobby. My mom told me that I liked kicking the ball around and had so much fun with it when I was only about two years old. Since then, playing soccer is my favorite’s sport and it is my hobby whenever I have free time. It is interesting and amazing, especially the feeling when I score a goal or my teammates do it. That feeling fulfills in me like I have just archived something very important. Playing soccer also helps me to relax and be confident when I have stress and frustration. For instant, after doing assignment or studying all day long, I feel tired and exhausted. However, having fun with the ball such as kicking it against the wall or trying to do some tricks, my entire tiresome and exhaustion die out. Moreover, soccer is not only about passing and kicking the ball but also required a lot of thought, and some basic skills. So I often practice it and obviously, I feel healthy and stronger. Besides that, soccer has also taught me the spirit of teamwork and created a strong sportsmanship in me. Soccer is very popular all over the world; especially, when the World Cup season starts. Spectators from all over the world come to cheer their teams. The entire stadium becomes full of soccer spirit. This shows that soccer is a worldwide phenomenon and is enjoyed by people all over the world .and with that , are my reasons as to why i love soccer . 

Almost every day we can see news about some resident here beating up someone or a teenager bullying other pupils . All this news has one thing in common . Discipline problems . These occurences cannot be taken lightlybecause if we let it go too far , much more serious incidents may happen and even death , in the long run . These incidents happen mainly because of that person not receiving enough care from their parents . As parents , they are entasked with the responsibility of bringing up a loving child , and not a problem causing citizen . Furthermore , peer pressure can also be one of the other outstanding factors which causes a person to experience discipline problems . This is because when someoen sees their friends doing something which they think is cool ,  they may also want to join in the fun . What they actually don’t know is that these acts may actually be offences against the law which may end up in them getting in trouble . To overcome these problems , the person must first be aware of the problems he or she is going through . Then , they can either seek advice from a counsellor or actually approach one of their close friends who can offer proper advice on how to get on the right track in life .

Nowadays , almost every student is judged based on his or her’s ability to score well in exams . Although many know that exam results are going to determine their future someway or another , many students still dont prepare themselves well enough to do well when they very well know that this will come to bite them back sometimes in the future . There are many parties tha can motivate a student to study , one of them being the student themself . In this case , the student must understand the importance of doing well and he or she must know the right learning methods in order to do well . Furthermore , the students parents also must encourage their children to do well in exams . As parents , they must take the initiative to ensure their children do all their homework as well as send their children for tuition classes . With this , their child will have all the basic necessities to do well in school . Finally , teachers also play a pivotal role in ensuring students do well in school . This is because they are the mentors who must teach their students the correct information and proper answering techniques to answer all their questions in their exams . In conclusion , their are a variety of people that can actually encourage a student to do well in school . 

During the month of February every year , two important days stand out amongst the other days . First of all , there is Chinese New year which is celebrated by a vast majority of Chinese yearly . Other than that , Valentine’s day also falls on the 14th of February yearly . Although many people are actually open and enjoy both these important celebrations , i actually dislike these days very much . First of all , why must be limit ourselves to show our love on only one day of the year ? If we truly love someone , shouldn’t we try our best to make them feel appreaciated as often as we can and not only show how much we care on that one day only ? On the other hand , during Chinese New Year , fireworks can be heard almost at all times . Although this may not be a hindrance to the younger generation , the older generation actually find all these disturbances quite annoying . Imagine being in their footsteps...would you like to be woken up late at night or kept awake because of all these noisy firecrackers . In cocclusion , although many people actually enjoy Valentine’s Day and Chinese New Year , i believe there is a small downside to this enjoyable occasions . 

     This wil be my last year in school . How time flies . Only yesterday i remember walking into class on the first day of my secondary school life , thinking of all the amazing new experiences i was gonna go through ,  all the new friends i would make and so on . Well , it has been one heck of a ride . But as the saying goes , life does go on , whether we want it to or not . The next thing i'm looking forward to , after SPM of course , is college . The major question mark in my life though , is my job . But first of all to get a job , i must attend a job interview .

     This is where a lot of people , not only from Malaysia , but from all over the world , struggle to grasp the concept of a job interview . First of all , you need to confirm the time and date of your inteview . With that in mind , find appropriate clothes based on the dress code . For guys . a suit and tie would be just nice  whereas for girls , a blazer with  skirt and a shirt should be just fine . After that , you must read up and do your research about the background of the company . With this , you will be ready for any questions asked regarding the company during the interview . Lastly , be there on time and mind your manners at all times .

     With these few steps , a job interview , which may seem stressful at first , will become a piece of cake . Just make sure to stay by these steps and you will do just fine on any interview .

     Nowadays in Malaysia , road users have other issues to be worried of other than the usual threat of accidents . Road bullies . These people , or should i call them animals , have been around for the past decade or so , but only now , have they decided to show their true colours on the roads in our beloved nation . Although they claim they have perfetly good reasons for commiting their acts of violence , the endless recordings by other road users or pedestrians have proved otherwise . In general , road bullying can be defined as an instance in which one road user threathens , be it by hand or by using weapons , other road users . In most circumstances , these incidents occur after accidents , where the road bully gets out of his car to violently confront the other victim(s) of the accident .

     Road bullies should be duly punished for the crimes they've commited . The question that has has been weighing on everyone 's mind though , is what kind of punishment should be dished out to them? In my view , they should not only be given lengthy prison sentences , but also given additional punishments , such as community service or in really severe cases , public caning .

     This will teach them the importance of always being nice to others and not just simply threathening whoever they wish . From this , they will be able to move on in life and lead a better life in general due to the valuable lessons they would have learnt from the consequences of road bullying .

Teenagers today live in a very competitive world. It is more important than ever to succeed at school if you hope to have a chance in the job market afterwards. It’s no wonder that many young people worry about letting down their parents, their peers and themselves. In trying to please everyone. they take on too many tasks until it becomes harder and harder to balance homework assignments, parties, sports activities and friends. The result is that young people suffer from stress.

There are different ways of dealing with stress. Everyone knows that caffeine, whether it is in the form of coffee or soft drinks, keeps you awake and alert. But caffeine is a drug which can become addictive. In the end, like other drugs. caffeine only leads to more stress. A better way to deal with stress is to exercise: Research has proved that physical exercise is a good release for stress, because it increases certain chemicals in the brain which calm you down. Making sure you get enough sleep is also an important way of avoiding stress and of staying healthy and full of energy.

Another way to avoid stress is by managing your time effectively. It is better to do a few tasks really well, than lots of tasks badly. Know your limits and try not to take on too much. Finally, If it all gets beyond your control, don't panic or get hysterical. Find the time to sit down quietly and breathe deeply for ten to twenty minutes. Do this regularly, and it will help you calm down and put things into perspective.

Well nowadays at school ,  things have been a lot more differen than they usually are . The biggest difference is that , SMKDJ HAS REVETED TO A SINGLE SESSION SCHOOL . Haih . Gone are the days where we could just take our own sweet time to walk down to the canteen to buy our food because nowadays with over 200 students in the canteen at a time , it is almost impossible to buy food , find a place to sit , and finish our food all within 30 minutes . As if that wasn't enough , some of our favourite stalls , especially the roti canai stall and the drinks stall have all been taken  away from us . And now , they have got even better stalls with amzingly high prices . Haih . School these days have just become too much to deal with . From too much homework to an extension of schooling hours , almost eveything new implemented this year has gone against the wishes of all the students . The only patch of sunshine amongst all this darkness is that the co-corricular timetable has also been rectified , not only reducing the allocated time for each activity , but also helping the students getting it over and done with every week as soon as possible . Thank god that this is my last year in high school though , so i only have to bear with all these nonsense for only a few more months....

     Well I was born on the 4th of December in the year 1998 . Little did i know that on this very day , so many important historical events have taken place , some of which have changed mankind forever . For example , in the year 1110 , the Syrian harbour city of Saida surrendered to the Crusaders . It went on to become the centre of the Lordship of Sidon , which was an important lordship in the Kingdom of Jerusalaem at that time . 

     Furthermore , the Treaty of Paris was also signed on this very day further down the road , in the year 1259 . This treaty was signed between the king of England at that time , King Henry III and the French King , King Louis IX . This important agreement finally managed to end years of conflict between the Capetian and the Plantagenet dynasties .  

   Other than that , the Byzantine general Belisarius managed to complete the conquest of Sicily ,defeating the Ostrogothic garrisonof Syracruse , thus ending his consulship for the many , many yeasr to come on the 4th of December 535 . This conquest served as the base for the upcoming war against Italy , which they were doomed to lose . 

     As you can see , the 4th of December is indeed an important date in world history . From the many interesting events that occured on this very date , there are many valuable lessons to be learnt . First of all ,  we must be brave and courageous in everything that we do or aim to do in life , be it in studies or in sports . Last but not least , we have to dream big , because only then can our dreams come true . 

Floods continue to affect the Malaysian states of Sabah, Kelantan, Terengganu and Pahang after further heavy rainfall. As much as 255 mm of rain fell in 24 hours between 21 and 22 December in Kuantan, state of Pahang. Earlier today the Malaysian Meteorological Department issued a high level warning for heavy rain in parts of Peninsular Malaysia.Flooding first struck the region over 1 week ago. Since 16 December, four people have died in Kelantan and one person is missing in Pahang state after being swept away by flood water whilst attempting to cross a river in Sungai Lembing.Currently 20,468 people have evacuated their homes in Kelantan. Over 6,000 people remain in relief centres in Terengganu.In Pahang over 3,000 have been displaced. Kuantan is the worst hit district, with 1,623 people being housed at 20 relief centres. Malan district has also been badly hit and over 1,000 people have been displaced there.I really feel sad for these people as they have laugh almost everything in life except for their loved ones , some of who have also perished.We should really consider donating any items needed such as clothes and food and even money to really help the citizens in these flood ravaged states.

  Citizens ravaging in the waters to search for items of importamce.

 Search and rescue operations underway